Table of Contents: Volume 16; Issue 11; November 2024

Dansle bassin du lac Fitri, on observe la présence de plusieurs formations végétales très variées allant des forêts claires aux différents faciès de savanes et des champs. Pour ce faire, une étude a été menée dans le but de caractériser la flore et la végétation, d’évaluer l’impact de l’anthropisation et de déterminer les facteurs responsables de la dynamique du bassin du lac Fitri. La méthodologie utilisée a consisté à réaliser des enquêtes socioéconomiques, de déterminer la composition floristique et la structure du peuplement ligneux dans quatre types de formation végétale. Les inventaires floristiques ont permis de recenser 21 espèces, réparties en 14 genres et 10 familles. Cette richesse spécifique varie suivant les types de formations végétales définies. La richesse floristique a été relativement importante dans les savanes arbustives et dans les champs que dans les autres les unités de formation végétale. La flore ligneuse est dominée par les Mimosaceae et Balanitaceae. La densité des ligneux est de 128 ind. ha-1. La végétation de tous les types de formations végétales présente une structure verticale qui présente une répartition en classes de hauteur en forme de U renversé plus prononcé vers la gauche. On note un recouvrement moyen (49,37%) du couvert végétal et une difficulté de régénération des espèces. Les indices de diversité calculés indiquent une faible diversité des espèces dans les peuplements ligneux des différents types de formation végétale de la zone d’étude. Ces indices prouvent que même si la diversité floristique n’est pas assez forte, les espèces présentes sont distribuées de manière homogène et ont une répartition très irrégulière des effectifs entre ces espèces ou une répartition relative irrégulière des individus au sein des différents types de formation végétale. Ceci s’explique principalement par l’extension des zones agricoles et d’habitations avec la pression démographique, la recherche de fourrage à travers plusieurs méthodes dont l’élagage et le rabattage. Des stratégies de gestion durable sont donc nécessaires, cartographier et évaluer le taux de régénération des différentes espèces et procéder à la domestication de certaines essences prisées par les paysans qui pourront mieux produire, donner des produits de qualité, afin de contribuer à la diversification de la diète, tout en améliorant la résilience agroécosystémique et les intégrer dans des systèmes de production.

Objectives: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a prerequisite for successful management of patients living with HIV. The multiple factors associated with poor adherence are still poorly understood. This is why a study on compliance with ART was conducted at the mother-child hospital in Luxembourg.The objective was to assess adherence to ART in patients followed at the hospital HIV management unit. Method and materials: The survey was cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective and comprehensive. The study population consists of all patients living with HIV, followed at the mother-child hospital in Luxembourg, during the period from 01 January to 31 March 2010. Results: This study involved 130 patients on ARVs with durations ranging from 2 weeks to 12 months. The average age was 36 years (+or-10) with a female predominance (67.7%). 78.5% of patients were classified as CDC Stage C. The majority of patients (64.6%) were at month 6 of ART. 13% of patients used traditional treatment.74.6% of patients did not inform a third party of their HIV status. 20.8% of patients feel they are victims of stigma and/or discrimination. The combination regimen 2INRT+1INNRT was the most prescribed (94.6%). Adherence to treatment was good in 88.5%. The causes of non-compliance were: stock-out: 33.3%; rejection: 26.7%; travel: 20%; side effects: 13.3%; Oblivion: 6.7%. Conclusion: The study showed a statistically significant relationship between adherence and psychosocial factors: stigma, information about the patient's HIV status, use of traditional treatment (p<0.05) and between adherence and the presence of side effects following ART (p<0.05).

Rural periodic market centres are the authorized public gathering of rural as well as urban populace of the nearby area treated as a service centre and cater the services to its surroundings. These markets held on periodic basis it is the periodicity of the market centre which bears some considerable impact in marketing transaction on that area. In addition the spatial distribution pattern also leaves the significance effect on the degree of convergence of participants on that area. The pattern of distribution of rural periodic markets in space, time and function as well as commodities offered for sale and the spheres of influence of markets in the area. The frequency of visit of that participant largely depends on the pattern of distribution of rural periodic markets in the district. Data used for this research were obtained from field observation covering 54 rural periodic market centres in the study area. Data collected were presented in tables, appropriate thematic maps, and suitable cartographic techniques. Nearest Neighbour Analysis was applied to find out the pattern of spatial distribution of the market centres. The focus of the study is to highlight the pattern of spatio-temporal distribution of rural periodic markets and necessity of well integrated marketing system in order to keep maintenance of threshold level and development of the region.

Lipomas are benign soft tissue tumors in the human body. It is common in the head and neck region however, in the oral cavity region they are quite rare, accounting for only 1% to 4% of benign oral cavity lesions. Oral lipomas are likely to affect cheek, tongue, lips, gingiva and rarely the floor of the mouth. Here is a case of large lipoma of the floor of the mouth, associated with difficulty in mastication of a 51-year-old male. The tumor was excised in toto under local anesthesia and sent for histopathological examination, which confirmed the tumor to be a classical type of lipoma. The differential diagnosis of lipoma could be made for swelling of floor of the mouth.

Inability to retrieve a healing abutment is a rare mechanical complication. There is scarce literature on etiology and removal techniques for the same. However, it can pose a serious problem and the healing abutment needs to be removed, without damaging the internal threads of the implant, to initiate the prosthetic phase of implant therapy. Although some manufacturers offer retrieval kits, in some cases, these are very time consuming and not always effective. The aim of this paper is to report our experience with the retrieval of healing abutment with a distorted hex. This article summarizes a case report on a simple yet effective technique to retrieve a healing abutment. There is no single universally applicable method of screw retrieval. In this particular case, the healing abutment was successfully removed using the authors’ technique.

Kidney stones have become increasingly common in contemporary society, affecting individuals across various age groups, with a higher prevalence in regions characterized by limited access to potable water. Composed primarily of calcium and phosphate, these rigid formations arise when substances like calcium oxalate and uric acid crystallize. While kidney stones can travels the urinary tract from the kidneys to the bladder, potentially causing severe pain, many individuals may experience resolution without permanent damage. This article explores various animal models and in vitro studies used to investigate urolithiasis, detailing the types of kidney stones, their symptoms, causes, risk factors, identification methods, treatment options, and preventive measures. The types of kidney stones include calcium, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones, each with distinct etiologies and clinical presentations. Symptoms often escalate with stone size, ranging from severe abdominal pain to nausea and fever. Contributing factors include dehydration, dietary composition, genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions, and obesity. Key diagnostic tools include imaging techniques and urine analysis. Treatment approaches consist of non-invasive techniques like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, minimally invasive procedures, and medication that alters urine chemistry. Prevention strategies focus on hydration, dietary modifications, and adherence to prescribed medications. Ultimately, management of kidney stones entails a holistic approach involving symptom awareness, lifestyle adjustments, and timely medical intervention to mitigate recurrence and promote kidney health.

There are two types of odour tests that use 12 types of odours familiar to Japanese people in their daily lives as screening: odour sticks and open essence. In this study, we performed these two types of olfactory tests on the same male over 60 years old, and compared the results to clarify whether there were any differences. Twelvedifferent smells are India ink, wood, perfume, menthol, mandarin oranges, curry, household gas, roses, cypress, sweaty socks, condensed milk, friedgarlic. The participants were 59 male aged 60 years or older who received an explanation of the study and signed a subject consent form. Participants performed the open essence test, followed by a 10-minute break and then the odour stick test. In both tests, participants smelled the odour and then wrote the number they thought was correct from six options in the answer box. Options 1 through 4 were various specific odour names. Options 5 were for when there was an odour (detection) but it was unclear what it was, and option6 was for when there was no odour at all (odorless). The results of the two tests performed on the same subjects were compared statistically (chi-square test). The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the number of correct answers (P-0.579). However, when comparing each odour individually, there were statistically significant differences between the odours of India ink (P=0.009**), mandarin orange (p=0.002**), curry (P=0.012*), and fried garlic (P=0.008**). The results showed that the smells of India ink and curry were easier to identify using the open essence than using the odour stick, while the smells of mandarin oranges and fried garlic were easier to identify using the smelly stick than using the open essence. There were no statistically significant differences among the other eight odours. Even if the tests use the same 12 types of odours that are familiar to Japanese people, the results obtained will differ for each individual odour, so it can be said that the results cannot be combined or added together. A series of the studies must be conducted using the same method.

It is about a 45yearold malewho underwent urgently right thoracotomy for destroyed right upper lobe lung in sepsis. Patient underwent right upper lobectomy uneventfully.The pathology report showed pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung. Withina twenty day periodpost surgery patient developed local recurrence of the carcinoma involvingsuperiorly the lower right lobe. Redo right thoracotomy was decided and wedge resection of the tumor was uneventfully excised.Patient underwent immediately chemotherapy and twenty four months post therapy is asymptomatic and disease free. Protocols and guidelines really help to organize a strategic plan for effective therapy for patients with cancer. Perhaps we should keep in our mind that there not only diseases but also patients who respond differently to therapies. It is an interesting case report.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized as a symmetric, inflammatory, peripheral polyarthritis, arising from an autoimmune response primarily affecting women. Synovial hypoxia is characterized by a reduced oxygen partial pressure (pO2), involved in RA pathophysiology. Hypoxia leads to the induction of angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, cartilage erosion, abnormal energy metabolism, and oxidative damage. Objective: The objective of the study is to examine the contemporary understanding of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) as a treatment modality for rheumatoid arthritis. HBOT is a non-invasive medical procedure wherein patients inhale nearly 100% oxygen within a hyperbaric chamber that is pressurized to levels exceeding those of sea level pressure (1 atmosphere absolute or ATA). Results: The study indicates that HBOT offers advantages for patients with RA, including alleviation of pain, reduction of inflammatory responses, and enhancement of physical activity. Further research is required to establish the efficacy of HBOT in the context of RA.

Aim: To use image analysis to compare the pre and post treatment photographs and measure the incidence and severity of white spot lesions in patients who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: The orthodontic pre treatment and post treatment intra oral (frontal view) digital photographs taken immediately after debonding are analysed by using Image J software version 1.50i. The facial surfaces of the anterior 6 maxillary teeth (canine to canine) are evaluated for WSLs. Teeth identified as having WSLs had their total facial surfaces and the lesion areas outlined with the free hand tool in the Image J 1.50i software and the respective areas are calculated using the same software. The area of the WSL was divided by the area of the total facial surface of the tooth to calculate the percentage of the facial surface affected. Teeth without WSLs are recorded as a zero percentage. The percentage of WSL per total facial tooth surface provided a relative value that controlled for differences in magnification of the digital photos. Results: Comparison of WSLs in pre and post treatment photographs showed incidence of WSLs were more in right canine. The decreasing order of incidence of WSLs (comparison between WSLs in pre and post group) was right canine, left canine, right lateral, left central, left lateral, right central. The decreasing order of severity of WSLs in pre treatment group was right lateral right canine, left canine, left lateral, left central and right central. In post treatment group was left lateral, right lateral, left central, right canine, left canine and right central. The WSLs were developed more in lateral incisor (24%) when compared with other teeth. Among all the patients 73% developed WSLs on the labiogingival areas of the teeth included in this study. On average 54.5% develop WSLs and 45.5% did not develop WSLs. Among 20 patients 51% of patients develop WSLs on right canine, 46% on right lateral, 55.6% on right central, 42.4% on left central, 49.2% on left lateral, 40.1% on left canine. Conclusion: Comparison between pre and post treatment photographs showed more incidence of WSLs on right canine. In post treatment group the increase in WSLs was highest in lateral incisors. 73% of patients develop WSLs on the labio gingival areas of the teeth.

This review article is all about the Punicagranatum Pomegranate possessing the phytochemicals, their activity and effect in terms of benefits and uses. Although pomegranate has already been proven containing therapeutically active ingredients collectively called as antioxidants, the fruit holds great importance in many mythologies and cultures starting from Middle East to all over the world. This article is also about the myths and facts about the fruit. The facts coming out of scientific studies carried out before are also discussed in the article. However along with factual data the article is focused on phytoconstituents of Punicagranatum and their activity determination. Mainly the active ingredients present in Punicagranatum such as flavonoids, vitamins, punicalagins and minerals are discussed.

Purpose： Eradicating corruption is a long process that requires not only the improvement of institutional norms but also the development of soft power to constrain corruption. Education can mould an individual's personality, attitude, and character, thus inhibiting corruption. Therefore, through school education, integrating anti-corruption theories, integrity culture and institutional norms, cultivating the values of integrity, making students aware of corruption, and shaping anti-corruption and integrity character become the necessary content of anti-corruption and integrity education. Research Methodology：This study utilised the textual analysis method and questionnaire survey to analyse the implementation of anti-corruption and integrity education at various education stages in China. Finding：The study found that the objectives and contents of the current anti-corruption and integrity education have been incorporated into the ideological and political education curriculum. The method of integrity education is mainly used to guide students to form an integrity character. Still, there is insufficient emphasis on anti-corruption education, such as corruption, its causes, manifestations and hazards, the relationship between corruption and integrity, the current anti-corruption and integrity legal system, and initiatives related to the fight against corruption. Implications： In the future, educators could construct anti-corruption and integrity teaching modules, use a variety of teaching methods, integrate anti-corruption and integrity education in political and ideological education curricula, and create an integrity campus atmosphere to form a character of integrity at the individual level, guide students to understand corruption, the history of anti-corruption, anti-corruption measures and responsibilities, and cultivate integrity and incorruptible citizen.

In modern practice Democracy is a system of government in which the citizen’s use power directly by electing representatives to form a government and now we call it parliamentary system of government. Democracy is referred as ‘rule of the majority’. The word Democracy is originally begins in classical Greece, where political representatives were elected by a jury amongst the male citizens; rich and poor. The English word dates to the 16th century, from the older middle French and Middle Latin equivalents. Democratic government is deference from the forms of government where power is either held by an individual, as in an absolute monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of individuals, as in an oligarchy. Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, thus focusing on opportunities for the people control their leaders and to oust them without the need for a revolution. In this context the study on Indian Democracy is very relevant and this paper is mainly a theoretical study on Issues, concerns and challenges to Indian Democracy.

Les événements climatiques à l’origine des catastrophes climatiques, touchent la vie des communautés. Les populations des Communes des 2KP disposent des connaissances endogènes four faire face auxdits évènements climatiques. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser les perceptions des acteurs du système pastoral sur les vulnérabilités des parcours de transhumance face aux risques climatiques dans les 2KP. L’approche méthodologique adoptée s’articule autour de la collecte des données climatologiques, démographiques et socio-anthropologique, du traitement des données et l’analyse des résultats. Les techniques de collecte utilisées concernent essentiellement la recherche documentaire et les investigations en milieu réel afin de recueillir toutes les données et informations nécessaires à la réalisation de cette étude. L’analyse en composante principale, la statistique descriptive et les graphiques ont servi pour étudier les perceptions des agropasteurs et des éleveurs. Les résultats obtenus montrent que, le début tardif de saison de pluie (93,7 %), la baisse de pluviométrie (71,3 %) la fin précoce de saison de pluie (63,1 %) et la hausse de température (55,7%), l’harmattan rude (50,7 %), les poches de sécheresse prolongée (47,3 %), les fortes pluies (45 %), les vents forts et violents (76,8 %) sont les facteurs de vulnérabilité les plus fréquentes selon la perception des éleveurs. Par conséquent, l’insécurité alimentaire ou manque de fourrage (61 %), l’exaspération de la pauvreté (53 %), les conflits et migrations accrus (48 %), la baisse de rendement et de motivation (45 %), le changement d’activité ou reconversion (18 %), la rupture de la solidarité (22 %) etc. sont les effets majeurs de la variabilité climatique sur le quotidien des agriculteurs et éleveurs de bovins. Il ressort également que selon la perception des éleveurs, le troupeau (bovins, ovins, caprins etc.) est très vulnérable, suivi des ressources pastorales (fourrage, herbe, végétaux et eau) et des communautés pastorales (bergers, femmes, propriétaires d’animaux).

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the financial performance of two leading technology giants, Apple Inc. and Microsoft Corporation, over the past decade. As primary players in the global technology sector, both companies have demonstrated remarkable financial growth, albeit through different strategic paths and business models. The analysis focuses on three core financial metrics—revenue, profitability, and market capitalization—to assess each company's financial health, operational efficiency, and value creation for shareholders. The revenue analysis examines how Apple and Microsoft have capitalized on shifting tech trends. While Apple's growth has been driven by high-margin consumer hardware and an expanding services portfolio, Microsoft’s revenue gains are largely attributable to its cloud services and software subscriptions. Profitability metrics, including net income, earnings per share, and operating margins, reveal key differences in cost management and margin sustainability, shedding light on each company’s unique approach to balancing innovation with operational efficiency. This comparative financial analysis provides valuable insights into the distinct paths Apple and Microsoft have taken to maintain their dominance in the tech sector. The findings suggest implications for their future growth trajectories, highlighting the resilience and adaptability required to thrive in an industry characterized by relentless change and innovation.